2 articles
U.S. export control has shifted from controlling chips to controlling access. The resulting bottleneck is verification: restrictions based on location, ownership, or nationality cannot be enforced without identity-proofing infrastructure across hardware, cloud, model, and bilateral-governance layers.
U.S. power increasingly operates through correspondent banking. Secondary sanctions target banks, not exporters, because denial of dollar access is usually enough to force compliance. The threat is the weapon.